In April 2025, the United States and Panama concluded a series of defense agreements aimed at enhancing bilateral security cooperation and addressing concerns over foreign influence in the Panama Canal region.

U.S. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth and Panamanian President José Raúl Mulino signed memorandums of understanding that provide U.S. military vessels with toll-free, priority access through the Panama Canal.

The agreements also encompass expanded joint training exercises, cyber defense collaboration, and the potential reactivation of former U.S. military bases in Panama.

These developments occur against the backdrop of heightened U.S. efforts to counteract China's growing presence in Latin America.

The Hong Kong-based CK Hutchison Holdings, which operates key ports at both ends of the canal, is in the process of selling its assets to a consortium led by U.S. investment firm BlackRock.

This transaction, valued at approximately twenty-three billion dollars, is under scrutiny due to its geopolitical implications.

The agreements have sparked debate within Panama, with critics arguing that they may infringe upon the nation's sovereignty and contravene the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties, which transferred control of the canal from the U.S. to Panama.

The Panamanian government has initiated audits of Chinese-managed port operations and has announced its withdrawal from China's Belt and Road Initiative.

While U.S. officials assert that these measures are necessary to safeguard the canal's neutrality and security, the Chinese government has condemned the actions as politically motivated interference.

The situation underscores the strategic importance of the Panama Canal and the complexities of international influence in the region.